مطالعه تاریخی بازتاب تحولات نشانه‌ای جنسیت بر روی سنگ قبور زنان از دوره قاجار تا دوره معاصر

This article uses Peirce's semiotic analysis and his classification of signs as iconic, indexical, and symbolic to study signs associated with women on gravestones. The research aims to trace changes in how women were represented semiotically on tombstones and to understand why pictorial representation was avoided for women in this context. The study compares women's representations across periods with those of men. The findings indicate that in Iran, indexical signs were initially used for Muslim women on gravestones, with illiteracy identified as a key reason for relying on indexical rather than symbolic signs.