Trauma in Post-September 11, 2001 Fiction: A Case Study of Mandanipour and McEwan

This is an essay or critical article examining literary responses to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It surveys novels, plays, short stories, and nonfiction works written in the aftermath of the event, which the source describes as a dividing line in modern world history that triggered political upheavals, wars, and the deaths of many innocent people. The piece explores how racial, political, and cultural inequalities surface in these works through the traumatic impact of the attacks, and compares the range of characters created by Mandanipour, whose figures span East and West, with those of another writer whose name is incomplete in the source.