The Representation of the Element of Passion and Emotion in Muharram Rituals

This is a qualitative research study using Clifford Geertz's interpretive theory to describe the elements of grief and emotion in Muharram rituals, understood as lived religion. The research focuses on specific ritual practices that prominently display emotional elements: wearing black, chest-beating, chain-flagellation, knife-flagellation, and passion plays. The researcher represents these practices through religious ethnographic methods, employing a complex and combined methodology to achieve this understanding.